Diagnostic evaluation of extreme winter rainfall events over the Arabian Peninsula using <scp>high?resolution</scp> weather research and forecasting simulations

The sensitivity of different cumulus physical parameterization schemes for simulating extreme winter precipitation events over the Arabian Peninsula (AP) is investigated using a high-resolution weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. For winters in 2001–2016, following three are examined: (i) Kain–Fritsch (KF), (ii) Betts–Miller–Janji? (BMJ), (iii) Grell–Freitas (GF). simulation results suggest that AP rainfall best simulated KF, followed by BMJ, terms spatial distribution intensity. pattern correlation coefficient between model-simulated observed highest with KF (0.94), BMJ (0.91) GF (0.76). These attributed to better representation moisture transport associated upper-tropospheric cyclonic circulation potential vorticity intrusions. By contrast, scheme fails simulate convergence updrafts, leading an unrealistic cloud hydrometeors improper organization convection intensities. Meanwhile, also successfully dynamics thermodynamics usually driven synoptic forcing. study choice WRF model critical reliable hyperarid region.